adding C++ functions

[Nader Samid]

I'm creating some new functions in C++ and want to access them from python so that they can be run in DigitalSpaces. I was wondering if the new C++ code can be compiled on its own, or does it have to be added to the source and then compiled all together. Also, can you describe what has to be done on the python side (say changing dss_core) to allow for access to the functions on the C++ side? Thanks.

[PeterNewman]

My first thought is that if the functions are purely stand alone, then your best method would be to add them as a standard Python module.

However, if you're intending on adding functionality to a DInterface, then it's slightly more complicated. You have to alter the DInterface declaration and implement it appropriately, then re-run the SWIG processor on the updated files. Fortunately, that is already set up in the source code project file. The Scripting_Python_Module project builds the dss_core Python module, using SWIG.

If you can explain what you've got in mind, I can give you a more detailed answer.

[Nader Samid]

We actually have a whole project of C++ files that we want to access from python, and converting them into a python module would be a problem. The files in the project will control each excavator in the simulation (this is actually the multirobot controller we developed in our lab for an excavation task). It takes in sensory inputs from the rovers, and returns commands to switch on particular behaviours for the rovers to perform (such as turn right, move straight, etc.). So from python, I would feed the sensor values, such as rover position, rover blade height, and get back into python commands for which behaviours to actuate. Hopefully this clarifies what we are trying to do a bit. Thanks

[PeterNewman]

As you provide me with more detail, it sounds more and more like creating a Python module would be the way to go. However, I don't mean reimplement your logic, using Python. Python allows for a pretty simple binding of an API to an existing library.

To give you an idea,
As a python library:
Create a Python/C++ binding to the library API. This can be done using SWIG, that will pretty much automagically parse your headers and produce the glue C code and glue Python code. (This is what we do with Digital Spaces.) The python wrapper library can be loaded using the normal Python method (import), which will load the C++ library (DLL) as well. This will load into any Python interpreter, not just the Digital Spaces one.

As a Digital Spaces component, that is to be accessible from the scripting interpreter:
Create a Digital Spaces component, containing the C++ functionality.
Create new DInterfaces that abstract/mimic the existing API.
Implement DInterface to C++ interface glue code.
Recompile the Script_Python_Module project of Digital Spaces, after adding your DInterface declaring header to its list of headers to process.
Redistribute your own build of Digital Spaces, with support for the added DInterfaces. (Or at least your own version of dss_core.py and _dss_core.pyd, as well as the component implementing the functionality.)


I really can't exagerate how well SWIG works when processing C or C++ headers, such as class declarations.
The only downside you might run in to at the moment is I don't think the current code base supports loading a Python Dynamic library from the space folder, only from the program folder (eg c:\Program Files\Digital Spaces\modules\Script_Python).

Whichever way you go though, I can give you instructions.

[Nader Samid]

The python library option looks like a good way to go. Instructions would be great if you could provide them. Thanks!

[PeterNewman]

Well, the site for SWIG is http://www.swig.org/ , and has a good tutorial and manual.

The basic technique is you write a text file that's your "source" file, and you use %include to in-line your API defining header. That is, in and of itself, enough to get SWIG to generate a wrapper. However depending on the types of data you pass in and out of your API functions, you may need to write some data conversion / adapter code, which you add into the SWIG "source" file.

SWIG produces a C file, and a file for the target language (in this case Python). You compile the C file and link it, to produce a _modulename.pyd file (it is a DLL file, but has to have the .pyd extension). To compile/link this, you will need a Python installation as well. The version that installs with Digital Spaces includes the needed header and .lib file.

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China's leading government and finance officials huddled in late April to discuss what had appeared to many as a mysterious infusion of US＄ 85.1 billion that, without clear explanation, poured into the nation's already huge foreign exchange reserves during the first quarter 2008.
 
Official statistics do not mention it, but short-term investment capital known as hot money is apparently flooding China. Experts say they know why.
 
 
 
Hot Money Targets
The US＄ 85.1 billion figure is what remains after subtracting China's officially posted trade surplus and foreign-direct investment (FDI) for the first quarter -- a combined US＄ 68.8 billion -- from the reported US＄ 153.9 billion increase in foreign reserves.
Hot money may have contributed to drastic fluctuations in the domestic stock market over the past year, said Bank of China analyst Tan Yaling. The Shanghai Composite Index doubled last year, soaring to more than 6,000 points in the fall,chaussure louboutin (http://www.chaussurelouboutin-pascher.com/), but plummeted to near 3,000 early this year. Tan noted that, while the index swung dramatically, China's macroeconomic conditions, the yuan's appreciation speed, and earnings of listed companies were generally stable.
Guessing on the Yuan
 
 
Management of the government's forex reserves also raises suspicions. The official figure for new forex reserves was US＄ 461.9 billion in 2007 -- the year MOF issued special treasury bonds to buy some forex reserves, some US＄ 200 billion of which was then injected into the CIC fund for investment projects. Details of this money-moving operation have yet to be disclosed to the public.
Ha has suggested a “policy shock,” such as an adjustment to the yuan's exchange rate for certain periods on a trial-and-error basis. Monetary policies that are anticipated and then imposed are less effective than bold moves, he said.
 
 
Not all agree with Tan. For example, China International Capital Corp. chief economist Ha Jiming thinks the unexplained cash probably flowed into tangible sectors of the economy, such as real estate development.
 
Ha's idea of a shock is a possible 10 percent to 15 percent increase in the yuan, followed by a fixed exchange rate for one year. The move could help reduce uncertainties for companies that must price their goods,adidas foot (http://www.adidasfootmagasin.com/), he said, as well as stem the flow of hot money.
 
“There might be some hot money” that's being counted as trade surplus, said Zhang.
 
Borrowers also may have attracted speculative cash. Since the government tightly controls credit, companies have had an incentive to borrow on the international market. Low interest rates globally have created “an abundant capital supply” for Chinese borrowers, Ha said. 
 
Did those attending the meeting at the behest of the State Council learn the origin of the unexplained money, or where it went? Maybe, maybe not.
 
 
Tracing the Heat
As dollar-denominated international commodity prices drive up China's prices for energy, agricultural products and food, some economists have suggested a speedier or even one-time increase in the yuan's exchange rate to kill speculation surrounding the currency's gradual appreciation. But others have raised questions about how far to go.
But not everyone is baffled. Some experts say a hefty portion of the mysterious cash, if not all, was hot money from short-term investors -- with eyes on China's appreciating currency, real estate boom, credit market and other moneymaking options -- who found ways to squeeze through cracks in China's strictly regulated market.
 
 
 
This methodology supposes that neither the nation's trade surplus nor FDI figures included hidden hot money. But experts say this can't be. Hot money can slip into China through false contract pricing, ghost transactions, shell companies,franklin marshall (http://www.franklinetmarshallfr.com/), or registered capital deposits masked as surplus trade or FDI.
Sources told Caijing that the meeting of top officials from the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the National Development and Reform Commission and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) ended without the kind of policy change recommendations that may have shed at least a pinpoint of light on the cash, which represented well over half the US＄ 153.9 billion, first-quarter increase in China's foreign reserves, raising the stash to more than US＄ 1.6 trillion.
The strengthening of China's currency has also encouraged hot money. Morgan Stanley's Asia chief economist for China,polo ralph lauren pas cher (http://www.ralphlaurenmagasin.com), Wang Qing,chaussure louboutin pas cher (http://www.chaussurelouboutin-pascher.com/), says the yuan's appreciation accelerated the influx of hot money. Ongoing financial turbulence around the world has lured investors to seek a safety net in Chinese currency, he added.
Zhang suggested SAFE allow the yuan's exchange rate to be set entirely by market forces for some time. Only when the currency swings go beyond the range of non-deliverable forward fluctuations should SAFE step in again, he said.
 
 
 
Experts also say calculating hot money is a mission impossible because of the obscurity surrounding official statistics on forex swap operations, CIC capital injections, the composition of forex reserves, accounting procedures and forex settlements. SAFE officials know these statistical details but are reluctant to share.
 
Hot money also may have been used for production projects and transactions, said Gao Shanwen, chief economist with Essence Securities. He said the central bank may be encouraging the influx by enforcing credit control targets set in late 2007 that may be obsolete. China's nominal GDP growth is more than 20 percent, Gao noted, and the capital demands of small entities are substantial.
National trade surplus statistics leave plenty of room for hiding. After China reformed its foreign exchange system in 2005,adidas football chaussures (http://www.adidasfootmagasin.com/), the trade surplus swelled to US＄ 102 billion from US＄ 30.4 billion the previous year. It jumped to US＄ 177.5 billion in 2006, and last year's figure was an astounding US＄ 262.1 billion.
By staff intern Li Zengxin
Zhang Ming, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS), said the nation's economy may have absorbed more than US＄ 476 billion in hot money between 2003 and '07, if the calculation includes forex swaps, forex preparation funds and the government's capital injection into a sovereign wealth fund called China Investment Corp. (CIC). And if cash from phony trade transactions is likewise added to the equation, Zhang said, the figure could be more than US＄ 800 billion.
The yuan's appreciation slowed in April. Nevertheless, the government has found it difficult to convince international speculators that the yuan's exchange rate, after years of rising against the dollar, has reached a plateau, said Paul Cavey, China research director at Macquarie Securities. Apparently, the US＄ 85.1 billion mystery is not so mysterious after all.
 
Inflation also must be taken into consideration when assessing hot money, said Xie Guozhong, a Caijing guest economist. Because speculative capital lacks patience, Xie supports increasing savings deposit interest rates above inflation levels to make long-term savings more profitable. He also thinks capital account controls should be strengthened.
 
 
But among all the explanations for China's phenomenal cash inflow, the lure of currency trades stands out. Hot money is betting on the appreciation of the yuan, whose value rose more than 4 percent against the U.S. dollar in the first quarter.
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[shanshang]

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          Here are some ways that you could be paying more,polo ralph lauren (http://www.ralphlaurenmagasin.com), not even knowing it for your credit cards.
 
          Those Teaser Rates
 
          As these rates are low at the beginning but rise after six months or a year. This is a popular way for credit card issuers to attract new cardholders. I don't know if you're aware of this but when the low rate expires, any balance that you may have left on the card automatically jumps to the new rate and just not on new purchases. This is something you should discuss or read before you even get a new credit card with low teaser rates
 
          Those Costly Cash Advances
 
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          Extra Fringe Benefits
 
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BEIJING, July 29 – A Beijing bar is hosting a three-day blues festival starting on Friday, featuring a dozen bands and soloists from around the world.
Cafe CD Blues, on the Third Ring Road near the Agricultural Exhibition Center, and its previous location a few blocks further south, has been home to the city's alternative music scene since the 1980s.
It has been owned for nearly two years by veteran R&B singer and bass player "Big John" Zhang Ling.
Playing on Friday from 7 pm are Chinese band Little Inn, the US' Peter Muchinson Band, Bobo Stump from Japan, Matt Cooper (featuring Swiss Werner Fischer on guitar) and Defy, a Chinese rockabilly group. The night finishes at 1 am.
On Saturday, Joseph J. Johanna from New Zealand will perform folk blues from 3:30 pm, followed by Chinese band Out of Control, then Fernando Fidanza, the Peter Muchinson band again, Zhang Di and Lucy in an East meets West performance, and then the Big John Blues Band led by the bar's owner. The evening will finish with a blues jamming session from about 11:15 pm.
Fernando Fidanza will kick things off from 2:30 pm on Sunday with his Italian Blues. He'll be followed with a harp clinic and harmonica competition until 5 pm. Starting at 4:30 pm outside will be another set by Joseph J. Johanna, then Hong Kong's Chit Chat band, Hoochie Coochie Gentlemen, Bobo Stump and finally, The Chinese Hell Cats from 10:30 pm.
The cost of admission is 150 yuan ($23), including a free drink, for each day, or 400 yuan, including a free drink every day, for all three days.
"Beijing will have seen nothing like it," says one of the event's promoters, Beijing-based US businessman Craig Quick.
"This is a brilliant line-up of extremely talented musicians who know and love the blues inside out. It's going to be a tremendous occasion."
In the early 1980s, as bassist for Chinese rock legend Cui Jian, Zhang Lin developed a deep understanding of the development of modern music in China when Western music was considered "capitalist". He used to listen to The Beatles tracks smuggled in from the US.
Zhang studied bass in Australia and returned to China to collaborate with some of the top blues and jazz artists in the country, creating in 1995 China's first jazz fusion band, Tien Square. In 1996, he joined his old band mate, Cui, and International Monetary Fund vice-president John Anderson to form the first blues band in China, The Rhythm Dogs. He released his first solo album, Nu Ren De Ge (A Woman's Song), in 2008, and also runs a musician booking agency.
Many of the world's jazz greats have visited or performed at the CD Blues Cafe and Bar, including Wynton Marsalis, Kenny Garrett and Herbie Hancock's band.
Blues evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions imported from West Africa and rural tunes into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the US.

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 -->
Full article in Chinese: http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-05-01/110158117.html
 
 
 
 
» UPS's global daily freight volume reached 14.5 million in the first quarter,adizero f50 (http://www.adidasfootmagasin.com), down 3.9 percent year on year.
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   //www.caijing.com.cn/2009-05-19/110168112.html (http://www.dvemogili.bg/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1)
 
   Choosing Twist Drill Bits_6116 (http://www.fotogalerim.benimnet.net/displayimage.php?pos=-1349)
 
   Decorating a Childs Room - 8 Simple Strategies to Make You Both Happy!_6664 (http://images.paulororke.net/displayimage.php?pos=-636)

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   点滴过往：回家的感觉 (http://cnpashm.com/bbs/upload/read.php?tid=627559&page=e&#a)
 
   but I can not ascendancy so abundant on. (http://blog.chinajilin.com.cn/uchome/space.php?uid=114099&do=blog&id=421442)
 
   这一点很像我爸---只管在家我很厌恶 (http://forum.ncste.org/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=976)
 
The physician regarded his questioner curiously with half-shut eyes.
After a professional scrutiny, prolonged to the limit of politeness,
'Pardon me,' he said; 'one asking information should be willing to
impart it. Are you wounded?' he added, smiling.
   'Not seriously--it seems.'
   The man removed the unmilitary hat, put his hand to his head, passed
it through his hair and, withdrawing it, attentively considered the
palm.
   'I was struck by a bullet and have been unconscious. It must have
been a light, glancing blow: I find no blood and feel no pain. I will
not trouble you for treatment, but will you kindly direct me to my
command--to any part of the Federal army--if you know?'
   Again the doctor did not immediately reply: he was recalling much
that is recorded in the books of his profession--something about lost
identity and the effect of familiar scenes in restoring it. At length he
looked the man in the face, smiled, and said:
   'Lieutenant, you are not wearing the uniform of your rank and
service.'
   At this the man glanced down at his civilian attire, lifted his
eyes, and said with hesitation:
   'That is true. I--I don't quite understand.'
   Still regarding him sharply but not unsympathetically, the man of
science bluntly inquired:
   'How old are you?'

[shangwumoshi]

Full article in Chinese: http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-10-05/110273097.html,Christian Louboutin (http://www.chaussurelouboutin-pascher.com)
 
» The International Monetary Fund should improve mechanisms to monitor international capital markets and ensure the exchange rates of major reserve currencies remain stable,adidas f50 (http://www.adidasfootmagasin.com), People's Bank of China vice governor Yi Gang said recently at an IMF meeting in Istanbul,franklin marshall (http://www.franklinetmarshallfr.com/), Turkey.
» Yi said major risks to global economic recovery include rising protectionist sentiments and imbalanced macroeconomic policy stances.
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